Greek Reference

Some notes on modern greek.

1. Phonology

Greek script is usally phonetic: you can say it like you see it once you know the rules.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology

1.1. Vowels

The greek vowel letters are 'α', 'ε', 'η', 'ι', 'ο', 'υ' and 'ω'. These are nontrivially mapped to five vowel sounds roughly like 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' in english.

1.2. Consonants

Some dipthongs to know:

All greek words have a 'stressed' vowel which is decorated with an accent.

2. Grammar

2.1. Nouns

https://foundalis.com/lan/grknouns.htm

Each noun changes its ending based on

eg.singularplural
NGAVNGAV
mτόπος-ος-ου-ο-οι-ων-ους-οι
αλήτης-ης-ες-ων-ες-ες
άνδρας-ας-ες-ων-ες-ες
fγυναίκα-ας-ες-ων-ες-ες
τίγρη-ης-ες-ων-ες-ες
nβιβλίο-ο-ου-ο-ο-ων
παιδί-ιου-ια-ιων-ια-ια
λήμμα-ατος-ατα-ατων-ατα-ατα

In addition, the article changes depending on all of these things too:

singularplural
mfnmfn
definitenominativeοητοοιοιτα
genitiveτουτηςτουτωντωντων
accusativeτοντητοτουςτιςτα
vocativeno article
indefinitenominativeέναςμιαέναμερικοίμερικέςμερικά
genitiveενόςμιαςενόςμερικώνμερικώνμερικών
accusativeέναμιαέναμερικούςμερικέςμερικά

All nouns have a gender. Νouns have different 'conjugations' depending on their relation to the verb.

FeminineMasculineNeuter
ηγυναίκαοάντραςτοπαιδί
τηςγυναίκαςτουάντρατουπαιδιού
τηγυναίκατονάντρατοπαιδί
γυναίκαάντραπαιδί imperative
Plurals
οιγυναίκεςοιάντρεςταπαιδιά
τωνγυναικώντωναντρώςτωνπαιδιών
τιςγυναίκεςτουςάντρεςταπαιδιά
γυναικεςάντρεςπαιδιά imperative

Feminine adjectives always end in "ι".

2.2. Verbs

In greek, there are many many conjugations and forms for each verb. But there are only two stems to know and then the formula is the same.

There are stems for each verb in greek. Eg for to loosen / solve, we have the stems "-λυν-" and "-λυσ-" and "-λυθ-".

The prefix and suffix of the verb change depending on

So for a fixed verb you have a 5D conjugation table. Luckily it is basically the same for all verbs and there are few irregulars.

2.3. Pronouns

The cases are used in the same way as they are used for nouns. However in most cases, the pronoun is dropped from statements because you can usually infer the pronoun from the conjugation of the verb.

person1st2nd3rd
gender
mfn
singleNεγώεσύαυτόςαυτήαυτό
Gμουσουτουτηςτου
Aμεσετοντηντο
pluralNεμείςεσείςαυτοίαυτέςαυτά
Gμαςσαςτουςτουςτους
Aμαςσαςτουςτιςτα

3. Vocab

Some of this is ancient greek.

3.1. Verbs.

to beείμαι
to do, makeποιέω
to becomeγίνομαι
to haveέχω
to goπηγαίνω
to wantθέλω
to askρωτάω
to hearακούω
to speakμιλάω
to callκαλώ
to answerαπαντώ
to sendστέλνω
to putτίθημι
to recieveδενομαί
to takeλαμβάνω
to giveδίδομι
to seeβλέπω
to showδείξε
to throwΡίχνω
to bounceβγάζω
to killσκοτώνω
to knowγινώσκω
to thinkνομίζω
to imagineφαντάζομαι
to drinkπινω
to continueΣυνέχισε
to try / strain/ put in effortπροσπαθώ

3.2. Αριτθμός / Νούμερο

0μιδέν
1ένα
2δύο
3τρία
4τέσσερα
5πέντε
6έξι
7επτά
8οκτώ
9εννεα
10δεκα
11εντεκα
12δωδεκα
13δεκατρια
14δεκατεσσερα
20είκοσι
30τριάντα
40σαράντα
50πενήντα
60εξήντα
70εβδομήντα
80ογδόντα
90εννενήντα
100εκατό
200διακόσια

3.3. Countries

3.4. Sciency words

Basically any word which sounds technical and fancy is just the word in greek or ancient greek (and sometimes latin).

Greek and latin words commonly used in systematic names and English words of greek origin.

3.5. Pleasantries

3.6. Φρούτα

3.7. Food

3.8. Animal ↦ Ζώο

3.9. Misc.